Explainer / Word studies
προσκυνέω
Bowing or worship
worshipped → bowed / worship
Why this word
Physical act of prostration. English "worship" imports a deity-object the Greek does not carry (LXX 3 Kgdms 1:23 Nathan before David; Matt 18:26 servant before master; Rev 3:9). Reserve "worshiped" for occurrences whose object is Yehovah / the Father.
- Matthew 2:2
worshipbow down beforeWhere is he who has been born King of the Jews? for we saw his star in the east, and have come to bow down before him.
Why
The magi seek the one 'born King of the Jews'. Rendered 'bow down before him'.
- Matthew 2:8
worshipbow down beforeAnd he sent them to Bethlehem, and said, Go and search out exactly concerning the young child; and when you have found him, bring me word, that I also may come and bow down before him.
Why
Herod's words. Rendered 'bow down before him'.
- Matthew 2:11
worshippedbowed beforeAnd they came into the house and saw the young child with Mary his mother; and they fell down and bowed before him; and opening their treasures they offered to him gifts, gold and frankincense and myrrh.
Why
The magi before the child, with gifts. Rendered 'bowed before him'.
- Matthew 4:9
worshipbow beforeand he said to him, All these things I will give you, if you will fall down and bow before me.
Why
The devil asks for this before himself. Rendered 'bow before'. In 4:10 the same verb has God as its object and is rendered 'worship'.
- Matthew 8:2
worshippedbowed down beforeAnd behold, there came to him a leper and bowed down before him, saying, Lord, if you will, you can make me clean.
Why
Supplicant's prostration.
- Matthew 9:18
worshippedbowed down beforeWhile he spoke these things to them, behold, there came a ruler, and bowed down before him, saying, My daughter is even now dead: but come and lay your hand on her, and she shall live.
Why
Supplicant's prostration.
- Matthew 14:33
worshippedbowed down beforeAnd those who were in the boat bowed down before him, saying, Of a truth you are the Son of God.
Why
Greek προσεκύνησαν αὐτῷ. Rendered 'bowed down before him', as toward Yeshua elsewhere.
- Matthew 15:25
worshippedbowed down beforeBut she came and bowed down before him, saying, Lord, help me.
Why
The object is Yeshua. Rendered 'bowed down before him'.
- Matthew 18:26
worshippedbowed beforeThe servant therefore fell down and bowed before him, saying, Lord, have patience with me, and I will pay you all.
Why
The same verb is used of a servant before his master. Rendered 'bowed before him'.
- Matthew 20:20
worshippingbowing down beforeThen the mother of the sons of Zebedee came to him with her sons, bowing down before him, and asking a certain thing of him.
Why
The object is Yeshua. Rendered 'bowing down before him'.
- Matthew 28:9
worshippedbowed down beforeAnd behold, Yeshua met them, saying, All hail. And they came and took hold of his feet, and bowed down before him.
Why
The object is Yeshua. Rendered 'bowed down before him'.
- Matthew 28:17
worshippedbowed down beforeAnd when they saw him, they bowed down before him; but some doubted.
Why
The object is Yeshua; some manuscripts lack 'him'. Rendered 'bowed down before him'.
- Mark 5:6
worshippedbowed down beforeAnd when he saw Yeshua from afar, he ran and bowed down before him;
Why
The object is Yeshua. Rendered 'bowed down before him'.
- Mark 15:19
worshippedpaid homage toAnd they struck his head with a reed, and spat upon him, and bowing their knees paid homage to him.
Why
Soldiers mocking the 'King of the Jews'. Rendered 'paid homage to him'.
- Luke 4:7
worshipbow downIf you therefore will bow down before me, it shall all be yours.
Why
The devil asks for this before himself. Rendered 'bow down before'.
- Luke 24:52
worshippedbowed down beforeAnd they bowed down before him, and returned to Jerusalem with great joy:
Why
The words 'they bowed down before him' are absent from Codex Bezae and some Old Latin manuscripts and are bracketed in the SBLGNT. They are printed here.
- John 4:22unchanged
You worship that which you do not know: we worship that which we know; for salvation is from the Jews.
Why
The object is the Father (4:21, 4:23). Rendered 'worship', as προσκυνέω is rendered when its object is God.
- John 9:38
worshippedbowed down beforeAnd he said, Lord, I believe. And he bowed down before him.
Why
The object is Yeshua. Rendered 'bowed down before him'.
- Acts 7:43
worshipbow down toAnd you took up the tabernacle of Moloch, And the star of the god Rephan, The figures which you made to bow down to them: And I will carry you away beyond Babylon.
Why
Quotes Amos 5:26 (Septuagint); the objects are idols. Rendered 'bow down to'.
- Acts 10:25
worshippedbowed down beforeAnd when it happened that Peter entered, Cornelius met him, and fell down at his feet, and bowed down before him.
Why
The object is Peter. Rendered 'bowed down before him'. In 10:26 Peter raises him, saying 'I myself also am a man'.
- Hebrews 1:6
worshipbow down beforeAnd when he again brings in the firstborn into the world he says, And let all the angels of God bow down before him.
Why
Quotes Deut 32:43 (Septuagint) and Ps 97:7. Rendered 'bow down before', as προσκυνέω is rendered toward Yeshua throughout.
- Hebrews 11:21
worshippedbowed downBy faith Jacob, when he was dying, blessed each of the sons of Joseph; and bowed down, leaning upon the top of his staff.
Why
No object is stated. Rendered 'bowed down'. Gen 47:31: the Hebrew has 'upon the head of the bed', the Septuagint 'upon the top of his staff'.
- Revelation 3:9
worshipbow downBehold, I give of the synagogue of Satan, of those who say they are Jews, and they are not, but lie; behold, I will make them come and bow down before your feet, and know that I have loved you.
Why
The same verb is used of people coming before the assembly in Philadelphia (cf. Isa 60:14). Rendered 'bow down before'.
- Revelation 5:14
worshippedbowed downAnd the four living creatures said, Amen. And the elders fell down and bowed down.
Why
The verb has no stated object here. Rendered 'bowed down', describing the act.
- Revelation 9:20
worshipbow down toAnd the rest of mankind, who were not killed with these plagues, did not repent of the works of their hands, that they should not bow down to demons, and the idols of gold, and of silver, and of bronze, and of stone, and of wood; which can neither see, nor hear, nor walk:
Why
Idolatry.
- Revelation 13:4
worshipped the dragon, because he gave his authority to the beast; and they worshippedbowed down to the dragon, because he gave his authority to the beast; and they bowed down toand they bowed down to the dragon, because he gave his authority to the beast; and they bowed down to the beast, saying, Who is like the beast? and who is able to war with him?
Why
The objects are the dragon and the beast. Rendered 'bowed down to'.
- Revelation 13:8
worshipbow down toAnd all who dwell on the earth shall bow down to him, everyone whose name has not been written from the foundation of the world in the book of life of the Lamb who has been slain.
Why
Object the beast.
- Revelation 13:12
worshipbow down toAnd he exercises all the authority of the first beast in his sight. And he makes the earth and those who dwell in it bow down to the first beast, whose death-stroke was healed.
Why
Object the beast.
- Revelation 13:15
worshipbow down toAnd it was given to him to give breath to it, even to the image of the beast, that the image of the beast should both speak, and cause that as many as should not bow down to the image of the beast should be killed.
Why
The object is the image of the beast. Rendered 'bow down to'; the Septuagint of Daniel 3 uses the same verb for the king's image.
- Revelation 14:9
worshipsbows down toAnd another angel, a third, followed them, saying with a great voice, If any man bows down to the beast and his image, and receives a mark on his forehead, or upon his hand,
Why
Idolatry.
- Revelation 14:11
worshipbow down toand the smoke of their torment goes up forever and ever; and they have no rest day and night, those who bow down to the beast and his image, and whoever receives the mark of his name.
Why
Idolatry.
- Revelation 16:2
worshippedbowed down toAnd the first went, and poured out his bowl into the earth; and it became a foul and grievous sore upon the men who had the mark of the beast, and who bowed down to his image.
Why
Idolatry.
- Revelation 19:10
worshippay homage toAnd I fell down before his feet to pay homage to him. And he says to me, See that you do not do it: I am a fellow-servant with you and with your brothers who hold the testimony of Yeshua: worship God: for the testimony of Yeshua is the spirit of prophecy.
Why
Toward the angel, rendered 'pay homage to'; in 'worship God' the object is God, rendered 'worship'.
- Revelation 19:20
worshippedbowed down toAnd the beast was taken, and with him the false prophet who performed the signs in his sight, with which he deceived those who had received the mark of the beast and those who bowed down to his image: these two were cast alive into the lake of fire that burns with brimstone:
Why
Idolatry.
- Revelation 20:4
worshipped notdid not bow down toAnd I saw thrones, and they sat upon them, and judgment was given to them: and I saw the souls of those who had been beheaded for the testimony of Yeshua, and for the word of God, and such as did not bow down to the beast, nor his image, and did not receive the mark upon their forehead and upon their hand; and they lived, and reigned with Messiah a thousand years.
Why
Idolatry.
- Revelation 22:8
worshippay homageAnd I John am he who heard and saw these things. And when I heard and saw, I fell down to pay homage before the feet of the angel who showed me these things.
Why
See Rev 19:10 note.